Oligodynamic action

In 1878 a young black man named Osbourn Dorsey (who was, as near as anyone can tell, 16 at the time) applied for and was granted the first known patent worldwide for..... the doorknob. Not much is known about Osbourn, except for his patent application. Which is a shame. I want to know more about him. I mean, look at that face.

Is this the Osbourn Dorsey who invented the doorknob? I hope so.

Doorknobs have traditionally been constructed of brass or bronze. Both of these metals have a high copper component (brass=tin+copper; bronze=zinc+copper). The oligodynamic properties of copper were once dismissed as folklore. More and more research papers point out the antiseptic properties of copper. Unfortunately, many people had to fall sick before this was figured out. 

In 1976, a plague of sorts plowed through the American Legion hotel in Philadelphia. A virulent flu bacterium got into a proliferated in the airconditioning vents, spreading to hundreds and killing 34 people. Now known as Legionnaire's Disease, the outbreak caused building practices to be reformed via laws that aim to establish cleaner air and water. Copper filters and pipes are now the norms in most hospitals and other public buildings.

As bacteria ooze across these surfaces, they absorb copper molecules which disrupt their working metabolism, causing death in about an hour. Doorknobs made of brass or bronze are, therefore, self-sterilizing. This oligodynamic action is the ability of small amounts of heavy metals to exert a lethal effect on bacterial cells. This is good since one germ covered doorknob can infect half of your office in a single hour. Further studies have even shown that older, tarnished doorknobs are even more effective at eliminating Staphylococcus bacteria and even the Influenza virus. Use of brass or bronze doorknobs and push plates in public places are a simple way of reducing the spread of infection.

References

Kean, Sam (2011) The Disappearing Spoon. New York: Little Brown & Company

Michels, H., W. Moran, and J. Michel, (2008) "ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER ALLOY SURFACES,  WITH A FOCUS ON HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS" International Journal of  Metalcasting 

Noyce, O. et al. (2006) "Potential Use of Copper Surfaces to Reduce Survival of Epidemic Metacillan-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Healthcare Environment" Journal of Hospital Infection.

Kajigaya, Naoko et al. (2015) "Assessment of contamination using an ATP bioluminescence assay on doorknobs in a university-affiliated hospital in Japan" BMC Research Notes.

Shimoda, Tomoko et al. (2015) "ATP bioluminescence values are significantly different depending upon material surface properties of the sampling location in hospitals" BMC Research Notes.

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/one-germy-doorknob-can-infect-half-your-office-within-hours/
http://www.handsomehandles.co.uk/blog/6/the-invention-and-history-of-door-knobs

https://www.tbks.co.uk/blog/ask-the-expert/the-history-of-door-knobs/

https://www.reference.com/history/o-dorsey-c2356d21b129dfc1

Dorsey's patent application

Hippopotamuslessness

sketch of a hippo I did at the zoo in Portland around 5/2012

you can call it cynicism or you can call it realism, but it's the attitude that's given us a hundred years of hippopotamuslessness.
                                                            -Jon Mooallen-

In the 1890s, the United States ran into trouble, meat-wise. There was unfettered European immigration driving the population up. There was poor land management, leading to massive cattle die-offs during the blizzard of 1897. Upton Sinclair published his book, The Jungle, in 1904 about slaughterhouses. Newspapers across the nation debated the Meat Question.

Bridges of Eggs from Peru to SF

Puente de Piedra, Lima, Peru. photo from creative commons.

In 1608, the architect Juan del Corral designed and built a bridge over the Rio Rimac, connecting Lima to the district of San Lazaro. The bridge is still standing today. This is cool just based on time itself. Cool that a bridge can be built of stone and still be standing, still be being traveled upon over 400 years later. What is even cooler is that the mortar for the bridge was mixed not with water, but with an estimated 10,000 egg whites. Not chicken eggs, sea bird eggs. People went out on cliffs and to islands, harvested ten thousand sea bird eggs with the intent of mixing mortar for a bridge. Though officially the Bridge of Stones (Puente de Piedra) it is sometimes referred to as the Bridge of Eggs.

In the 1840s & 50s, a man named Doc Robinson decided that the Farallones Islands, located 27 miles off of the coast of San Francisco, were the perfect spot to harvest bird eggs. San Francisco grew in leaps and bounds during the Gold Rush years - years in which eggs were scarce. Folks got to the golden coast either by taking a boat all of the way around South America, or overland. In both cases, any chickens would be eaten long before San Francisco showed on the horizon. Shortages lead to high prices. One chicken egg sold for $1 each - the equivalent of thirty dollars in 2019 money.

Doc Robinson and his hired men would take a small (less than 20 ft) boat across the choppy, shark-infested waters, to the Farallones. There are no beaches on all but one of the jagged rocks, just smaller rocks to haul the boat up on to. Then they would scale the cliffs to pull eggs from the nests of Common Murres, Urea aalge.

my quick sketch of Common Murres, both in and out of the water.

Goofy-looking, penguin-shaped birds, the Common Murre always seems to need to run across the surface of the water before their small wings achieve enough lift to pull them from the ocean waves. Their eggs are blue with yolks twice the size of chicken eggs - and also fiery red in color. The bird numbered in the hundreds of thousands before Robinson's enterprise led to the near-mythic San Francisco Egg Wars. Italian eggers headed out to the "Islands of the Dead" to cash in on the Egg Rush. Robinson's hired men held them off of the beach with guns. Men died, fortunes were made, and the legends became the stuff of comic books (literally - check out this out: https://sfnhs.com/2011/08/31/eggs-and-more/)

a pile of stolen eggs waiting to be loaded on the boat. Despite the fact that the rough seas caused the eggers to lose as much as half of their plunder during every trip back to the mainland, they kept at it.  Photo by Arthur Bolten.

It was not uncommon for eggers to fall to their death from the cliffs. Common Murre populations plummeted to less than 30K. The western faction of the Audubon Society was founded to help these sea footballs, pushing through a government mandate in 1881 prohibiting further egging on the islands. It still happened for years after. The Nature Conservancy estimates that murre populations only really began to recover in the last decades of the 20th century.

I keep trying to picture going to the equivalent of a diner in Gold Rush San Francisco and being served a plate of pink scrambled eggs. If Clark Gable & Jeanette MacDonald's 1936 film San Francisco (set during 1906) had been filmed in color, would anyone have gotten the egg color detail correct? A pink Hangtown Omelet* anyone? (*eggs, bacon & oysters).

References:
Bridge of Eggs https://hruk.biz/bridge-of-eggs-in-peru/
http://www.augnet.org/en/history/places/4205-ecuador-quito/
Gold Rush Satirist https://www.sfchronicle.com/chronicle_vault/article/Gold-Rush-satirist-impresario-and-Farallones-13509804.php 
High Egg Prices http://time.com/4149595/farallon-egg-wars/
Girabaldi and the Farallon Egg War http://faralloneggwar.blogspot.com/
San Francisco's Egg Basket http://faralloneggwar.blogspot.com/

I'm having pi for breakfast.

3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841971693993751058209749445923078164062862089986280348253421170679.....

In 1988, Larry Shaw decided to celebrate Albert Einstein's birthday with Pi Day. It started at the Exploratorium in San Francisco with a circular parade and the eating of fruit pie. If that is all it takes, then every day could be pie day at my house. Photos below of some pies I have made over the years. Grab a slice and enjoy!

Words, thoughts, and reading at pace.

Those of you who've joined me before should probably turn to those who have not and assure them I am just as crazy about reading as they think. If I could spend all day in the hammock chair in the garden reading and sipping my coffee, I would.
We are not quite a quarter of the way through the year and my read book list is maybe 1/3 of its usual length. (I post a full list every year so you can look at them if you want to.) Part of this speed is related to the fact that I'm taking some classes. My personal rule from my undergrad years of not reading for pleasure when I should be studying has resurfaced. Only this time I permit some fun fiction once the homework for the day is done.
When one of the book bloggers that I follow posted her 1000-page reading challenge for the month of March, I wondered how my reduced rate would affect something like this.

New Year's post of last year's books

Books, long articles/essays and comics I read during 2018. Here's to another good year of words!

1. Whiteout compendium - Greg Rucka & Steve Lieber. The first half had more appeal than the second.

2. No Time to Spare - Ursula K. LeGuin. A lovely little book of essays with some great one-liners.

3. We Should All Be Feminists - Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. Required reading for humans of all stripes.

4. Unexplained - Renee Regent. College kids researching unexplained phenomena. Meh.

5. Zoogeomorphology - David Butler. Studies on how animals change the shape of the earth. Woo-hoo!

6. From Here To Eternity - Caitlin Doughty. Not quite anthropological, not quite tourism. A cool look at death.

7. Other Minds - Peter Godfrey-Smith. A look at the evolutionary development of consciousness. Plus, cephalopods!

8 The Tick #2, 3 - Cullen Bunn & Jimmy Z. more oddly translated french.

9. God Complex Dogma #3 - Paul Jenkins & Henry Prasetya. Pretty sure now I don’t like the protagonist.

10. Sherlock Frankenstein and the Legion of Evil #3, 4 - Jeff Lemire & David Rubin.

Lower Lake County

In 1876, Stephan Nicolai, a stonemason, built the Lower Lake County stone jail. The stone was quarried locally and reinforced with iron. It may be the smallest jail in the United States - only one room. It is currently registered as California Historical Landmark #429. 

The cooler part of this building's story comes from the workers Nicolai hired to help with the building. Theodore and John Copsey lived in the quicksilver mining town of Lower Lake. Once the jail was done and they got paid, they went into town to celebrate at the saloons. They got drunk and rowdy, were arrested and became the first to be interred in the jail they helped build. As they sobered up, they remembered that they had not finished the roof properly. They literally raised the roof and became the first to break out of the jail. Not a bad record.

References

http://www.donaldlaird.com/landmarks/counties/400-499/429.html

https://noehill.com/lake/cal0429.asp

https://www.roadsideamerica.com/story/51108

Folks I Admire, post #1

From 1962 (or 1966, depending on the source) to 1980 the only black female licensed architect in California was Norma Sklarek. She was born in New York, educated at Barnard College and Columbia. In 1954 she took the entire seven-part architecture exam in 4 days and passed on the first try. She worked for the Dept. of Public Works, Skidmore Owings & Merrill, moved to LA to work at Gruen & Assoc. She worked there for 20 years, becoming their first female and first black director. In 1985 she was elected a fellow of the AIA and she co-founded the first all-female architect firm - Siegel, Sklarek & Diamond. She retired in 1992 and was appointed to the California Architects Board where, among other things, she was a juror for the CA Architect Exam.

Today there are only about 400 black women architects.  This is such a tiny fraction of the industry, it is sad. Detroit's Tiffany Brown wants to change this through recruitment and mentoring. Check out her Urban Arts Collective, and Hip-Hop Architecture camps! Having grown up just outside of Detroit with a dad who taught Urban Planning, I heartily support Brown's approach to recruiting change-makers and architectural designers from the people who live there.

Resources

Biography.com editors (2014) "Norma Sklarek Biography

https://www.biography.com/people/norma-sklarek-7326

Morton, Patricia "Pioneering Women of American Architecture"

https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/norma-merrick-sklarek/

NCARB (2018) "The Distinguished Career of Norma Sklarek
https://www.ncarb.org/blog/the-distinguished-career-of-norma-sklarek

Sisson, Patrick (2017) "400 Forward wants to train the next generation of black women architects" Curbed. https://www.curbed.com/2017/10/26/16551576/architecture-diversity-400-forward-tiffany-brown

Quick Book Repair

I am not a professional book conservator. This is just a quick look at a simple repair for minor rips to paperback books that have been loved to pieces. The book above is one example. It has been read so much the back cover came off, with a few pages still clinging to it.

Do not use masking tape, Scotch tape, duct tape, painter's tape, electrical tape or washi tape. These all have chemicals that will off-gas and make the paper even more fragile than it already is. If you want to pass this beloved favorite to future generations, use the tape shown below.

Now, I found this box buried in the back of desk drawer that I inherited along with my current job. I have no idea how old it is. However, I do know where to get it. Here or here are two good places. I bet if you look hard enough you can find others.

The tricky part about this tape comes from how thin it is. Threading it through the separator is annoying, but will help in the long run. Trust me.

Hard to see - since I was using a white table - but there is a piece of archival tape cut to size and placed half on the back of the book.

I realigned the cover and pressed the tape down firmly. I also run my fingernail or a bone folder over the tape to be certain it holds.

I added a second piece to the inside seam.

Then to be sure it holds tight, I added two more pieces to the outer cover. One overlaps the first piece, holding it on to the spine better. The last one overlaps that and reinforces the front cover. The front had not fallen off, but on a well-loved volume like this, it can't hurt to prepare for the worst.

There are some cool tutorials of more complex repairs on youtube. You may also be able to find someone near you who can fix trickier wear & tear. Happy reading! 

Library Fun Fact #5

This weekend marks the 10th anniversary of the removal of the Berkeley Tree sitters. For 21 months, the longest urban tree-sit, a group of concerned citizens literally took to the trees. A grove of coast live oak, pine, and other trees were slated for demolition to make room for an expansion of the University of California, Berkeley athletic stadium. I remember driving underneath them, past the police cars and the shouting. I remember the road getting narrower as first one fence, and then a second was erected around the grove. In this case, fences did not make good neighbors.

According to Berkeley City law, it is unlawful to remove coast live oaks. The University, however, is state-owned land and a judicial exception was made. Most of the tree-sitters either tied themselves to the trunk of the tree they were in or lived on a 6'x6' platform nailed to branches. Food and other necessities were provided by the ground help and transported by buckets. This, to me, is no way to live in a tree. 

Charlie Greenwood would agree. A retired Silicon Valley engineer,  Greenwood revolutionized treehouse building with his invention of the GL bolt. A 6" long, nearly 2" thick bolt sticks out of the tree like a new limb and is strong enough to hold 9,000 pounds. This allows for treehouses to be built in the space between two or more trees, dividing the weight more evenly. He has even gone so far as to write up building code specifications for treehouses. 

Spend your next vacation reliving your childhood dream of escaping into the trees:  http://treehouses.com/joomla/index.php/treesort/accommodations 

References

Dalton, Melissa (2016) "The Architects of the Treehouse Movement" 1859 Oregon's Magazine  https://1859oregonmagazine.com/think-oregon/art-culture/architects-avant-garde-tree-house-movement/

Jolin, Amy (2008?) All About Treehouses https://www.mondopub.com/Pages/articles/Days_9-12_All_About_Treehouses_p14-23.pdf

Nelson, Pete (2004) Treehouses of the World New York: Abrams.

Peacemaker Treehouses (2008) So You Want to Install a Garnier Limb?  https://peacemakertreehouses.wordpress.com/tag/greenwood/

treehouseengineering.com - Greenwood's website, complete with proposed treehouse building code.

Wikipedia links
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley_oak_grove_controversy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treehouse_attachment_bolt